The brown trout is native to Europe and Asia, but has been widely introduced for purposes of sport into North America, South America, Australia and New Zealand. It is a potential pest species in all those environments. The natural distribution of the migratory forms may be circumpolar. There are also landlocked brown trout far from the oceans, for example in Greece and Estonia. Because of the brown trout's importance as a food and game fish, it has been artificially restocked in many places in its range, and natural populations probably exist only in isolated places, for example Corsica.

Brown Trout are not considered to be endangered. Brown trout prefer cold, well-oxygenated upland waters, especially large streams in mountainous areas. Cover is important to trout, and they are more likely to be found where there are submerged rocks, undercut banks, and overhanging vegetation.

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